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<item xmlns="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5" itemId="670" public="1" featured="1" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd" uri="https://hiddenhistoriesut.org/exhibits/show/unequal-ground/item/670?output=omeka-xml" accessDate="2026-09-16T12:21:02+00:00">
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Segregated by Design: Disability Education in Austin, Texas</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7402">
                <text>Race discrimination in education--Texas--Austin; People with disabilities--Institutional care--Texas--Austin; Segregation in education--Texas--Austin; Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute for Colored Youths; Texas School for the Blind; Separate but equal doctrine--Texas</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Documentation of the unequal treatment of Black disabled students in Austin, Texas. Drawing on records from the Texas State Board of Control and the Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired, the collection presents primary evidence that the state of Texas failed to meet even the minimum standard of separate but equal established by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in its provision of care and education for Black deaf, blind, and visually impaired students. Items in this collection document conditions at the Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute for Colored Youths including poorly maintained grounds, inadequately clothed students, and student-funded music programs, and compare them against the extensive state-funded resources documented at the white Texas School for the Blind. The collection further demonstrates how the 1928 Austin City Plan compounded these inequalities by displacing the Black institution and limiting transportation access for its students. Together these items illustrate how racial segregation produced material inequality for Black disabled students in Austin, and how government policy shaped who had access to resources and care.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7404">
                <text>Huth, Julie Harper </text>
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                <text>Texas State Board of Control</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="9259">
                <text>Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="9260">
                <text> Baker, Weaver H</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="9261">
                <text>DeBerry, Tom</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="9262">
                <text>Martin, J.D</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7405">
                <text>Texas State Board of Control Records (TX003299), Archives and Information Services Division, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Austin, Texas; Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired Records (TX000021), Archives and Information Services Division, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Austin, Texas.</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7406">
                <text>Hidden Histories: UT Austin</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7407">
                <text>1924-1945</text>
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          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7408">
                <text>Huth, Julie Harper </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="9263">
                <text>Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Austin, Texas.</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7409">
                <text>These records are public records of the State of Texas held by the Texas State Library and Archives Commission. As works of state government, they are not subject to copyright and are freely available for research and educational use.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7410">
                <text>Texas State Board of Control Records finding aid: https://txarchives.org/tslac/finding_aids/TX003299.xml; Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired Records finding aid: https://txarchives.org/tslac/finding_aids/TX000021.xml</text>
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          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7411">
                <text>Typed reports, financial statements, printed catalogue pages, photographs</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7412">
                <text>English</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>collection</text>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7414">
                <text>Separate and Unequal: Race and Disability Care in Austin, Texas. Hidden Histories: UT Austin. Spring 2026.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7415">
                <text>Austin, Texas; 1924-1945</text>
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    <name>Text</name>
    <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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      <element elementId="7">
        <name>Original Format</name>
        <description>The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
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          <elementText elementTextId="7775">
            <text>Original Format: Paper&#13;
Physical Dimensions: Standard catalogue dimensions</text>
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      <name>Dublin Core</name>
      <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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        <element elementId="50">
          <name>Title</name>
          <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <text>What Is Furnished," Catalogue of Texas School for the Blind, 1930–1931, Page 11</text>
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        <element elementId="49">
          <name>Subject</name>
          <description>The topic of the resource</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7762">
              <text>Texas School for the Blind--Student services; Visually impaired students--Transportation--Texas--Austin; Disability--Institutional care--Texas--Austin; Race discrimination in education--Texas--Austin; Separate but equal--Texas</text>
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        <element elementId="41">
          <name>Description</name>
          <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <text>Page 11 of the Catalogue of the Texas School for the Blind, 1930–1931, containing the section titled "What Is Furnished." The section explicitly documents that indigent students were provided clothing and transportation to and from school as a formal institutional provision. Parents unable to furnish transportation were required to submit a sworn affidavit accompanied by a tax certificate documenting their property holdings. No equivalent provision, process, or administrative record documenting transportation to and from school for students at the Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute for Colored Youths has been located in the Texas State Board of Control records. This documentary absence, set against the simultaneous forced relocation of Black Austin residents to East Austin under the 1928 City Plan — away from the Institute's location on Bull Creek Road in northwest Austin — suggests that Black families bore transportation burdens that the state formally absorbed for white students.</text>
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        <element elementId="39">
          <name>Creator</name>
          <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <text>Texas School for the Blind</text>
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        <element elementId="48">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7765">
              <text>Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired Records, Box 1989/073-1, Folder 1930–1931, Archives and Information Services Division, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Austin, Texas</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="45">
          <name>Publisher</name>
          <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7766">
              <text>Texas School for the Blind</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="40">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7767">
              <text>1930–1931</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="47">
          <name>Rights</name>
          <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7768">
              <text>These records are public records of the State of Texas held by the Texas State Library and Archives Commission. As works of state government, they are not subject to copyright and are freely available for research and educational use.</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="46">
          <name>Relation</name>
          <description>A related resource</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7769">
              <text>Statement of Accounts, Deaf Dumb and Blind Institute for Colored Youths, July 1924–August 1925. Texas State Board of Control Records (TX003299), Box 1991/016-98; Audit Letter, Deaf Dumb and Blind Institute for Colored Youths, July 31, 1928. Texas State Board of Control Records (TX003299), Box 1991/016-98.</text>
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          <name>Format</name>
          <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="7770">
              <text>Printed catalogue page, single page</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="44">
          <name>Language</name>
          <description>A language of the resource</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="7771">
              <text>English</text>
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          <name>Type</name>
          <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <text>text</text>
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        <element elementId="43">
          <name>Identifier</name>
          <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="7773">
              <text>Texas School for the Blind. "What Is Furnished." Catalogue of the Texas School for the Blind, 1930–1931, p. 11. Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired Records, Box 1989/073-1. Archives and Information Services Division, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Austin, Texas.</text>
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          <name>Coverage</name>
          <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="7774">
              <text>||||osm&#13;
Austin, texas </text>
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        <element elementId="37">
          <name>Contributor</name>
          <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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              <text>Texas School for the Blind, Julie Huth</text>
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      <name>Austin Texas</name>
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    <tag tagId="750">
      <name>dental care</name>
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    <tag tagId="747">
      <name>disability education</name>
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    <tag tagId="41">
      <name>Gender</name>
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    <tag tagId="744">
      <name>indigent children</name>
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    <tag tagId="742">
      <name>institutional provisions</name>
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    <tag tagId="749">
      <name>medical care</name>
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    <tag tagId="752">
      <name>poverty</name>
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    <tag tagId="741">
      <name>residential institutions</name>
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    <tag tagId="743">
      <name>student clothing</name>
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    <tag tagId="746">
      <name>students with visual impairments</name>
    </tag>
    <tag tagId="464">
      <name>Texas School for the Blind</name>
    </tag>
    <tag tagId="751">
      <name>transportation assistance</name>
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    <tag tagId="745">
      <name>tuition-free education</name>
    </tag>
    <tag tagId="748">
      <name>uniforms</name>
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